| Course Objectives: |
Microstructure characterization methods became considerably important in the quality control of construction materials, damage control, diagnosis analysis, and development of new construction materials. Optical and electron- optical methods allow the analysis of microstructure details. The aim of this lecture is to introduce the fundamentals of microstructure analysis methods to the graduate students. The theoretical and experimental knowledge and skill of students will be improved by presenting research studies related with sample preparation, analysis methods and interpretation of results.
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| Course Content: |
-Introduction 1.1. Cement production and cement microstructure 1.2. Concrete production and concrete microstructure 1.3. Durability of concrete 1.4. Microstructural application on investigations of cement and concrete
-History of clinker microscopy and sampling 2.1. Sampling, sample storage 2.2. Storage of prepared specimens 2.3. Stains and etches 2.3.1. Aluminates and free lime 2.3.2. Silicates 2.3.3. Calcium aluminate 2.3.4. Examination of stained cement 2.3.5. Photomicrographs of effects of stains and etches
-Preparation of polished sections, thin sections 3.1. Basic steps for rapid polished section preparation 3.2. Encapsulation, impregnation, and particle mounting 3.3. Sawing, grinding, and polishing 3.4. Various polishing techniques 3.5. Preparation of thin sections
-Microscopic characteristics of clinker phases 4.1. Silicate phases (alite, belite) 4.2. Alite and belite classification and polymorphic varieties 4.3. Solid liquid phases (aluminate and ferrit) 4.4. Alkali aluminate 4.5. Alkali sulfates 4.6. Free lime and periclase 4.7. Miscellaneous phases
-Microscopical interpretation of clinkers 5.1. General features of clinkers 5.1.1. Photomicrographs of alite 5.1.2. Photomicrographs of belite 5.1.3. Photomicrographs of matrix phase ( aluminate and ferrite) 5.1.4. Photomicrographs of free lime 5.1.5. Photomicrographs of periclase 5.1.6. Photomicrographs of miscellaneous phases 5.2. Misinterpretations in clinker microscopy
-Microscopical examination of clinker with scanning electron microscopy
-Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) , X-Ray microanalysis of concretes 8.1. Introduction 8.2. Optical microscopy-electron microscopy transition 8.3. Scanning electron microscopy 8.4. X- Ray microanalysis (EDXA)
-Specimen preparation for SEM 9.1. Materials for sample preparation 9.2. Preparation of Cement Paste, Mortar, and Concrete Sections 9.2.1. Cutting and grinding 9.2.2. Polishing 9.2.3. Storage and coating of prepared specimens
-Concrete under SEM and basic microstructure of concrete 10.1. Hydrated cement paste 10.2. C-S-H phase 10.3. Calcium hydroxide crystals 10.4. Calcium sulfoaluminate hydrates 10.5. Unhydrated cement paste 10.6. Porosity of hydrated cement paste 10.7. Aggregates
-Interpretation of concrete deterioration from SEM/EDXA 11.1. Chemical deterioration from external agents 11.1.1. Efflorescence 11.1.2. Paste carbonation 11.1.3. Sulfate attack 11.1.4. Deicing salt attack 11.1.5. Corrosion of reinforcing steel 11.1.6. Concrete exposed to marine environment
-X-Ray Diffraction 12.1. Basic principle 12.2. Qualitative analysis 12.3. Quantitative analysis 12.4. Developments in instrumentation 12.5. X-ray diffractometry of clinker and cement 12.6. Identification of major phases present in cement/clinker
-X-Ray diffractometry of clinker and cement 13.1. Sample preparation and XRD study of hydrated specimens 13.2. X-Ray diffractometry in concrete chemistry 13.2.1. Cement paste-aggregate interface 13.2.2. Alkali silica reaction 13.2.3. Sulfate minerals 13.2.4. Other concrete damages
-Thermal Analysis 14.1. Differential thermal analysis (DTA), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) 14.2. Cement clinker 14.3. Synthesis of cement phases 14.4. Polymorphisim in silicates 14.5. Hydration of calcium silicates 14.6. Hydration of C3A and C4AF 14.7. Hydration of cement 14.8. Durability |
| Week |
Subject |
Related Preparation |
| 1) |
Introduction 1.1. Cement production and cement microstructure 1.2. Concrete production and concrete microstructure 1.3. Durability of concrete 1.4. Microstructural application on investigations of cement and concrete |
Presentation and Textbook |
| 2) |
History of clinker microscopy and sampling 2.1. Sampling, sample storage 2.2. Storage of prepared specimens 2.3. Stains and etches 2.3.1. Aluminates and free lime 2.3.2. Silicates 2.3.3. Calcium aluminate 2.3.4. Examination of stained cement 2.3.5. Photomicrographs of effects of stains and etches |
Presentation and Textbook |
| 3) |
Preparation of polished sections, thin sections 3.1. Basic steps for rapid polished section preparation 3.2. Encapsulation, impregnation, and particle mounting 3.3. Sawing, grinding, and polishing 3.4. Various polishing techniques 3.5. Preparation of thin sections |
Presentation and Textbook |
| 4) |
Microscopic characteristics of clinker phases 4.1. Silicate phases (alite, belite) 4.2. Alite and belite classification and polymorphic varieties 4.3. Solid liquid phases (aluminate and ferrit) 4.4. Alkali aluminate 4.5. Alkali sulfates 4.6. Free lime and periclase 4.7. Miscellaneous phases |
Presentation and Textbook |
| 5) |
Microscopical interpretation of clinkers 5.1. General features of clinkers 5.1.1. Photomicrographs of alite 5.1.2. Photomicrographs of belite 5.1.3. Photomicrographs of matrix phase ( aluminate and ferrite) 5.1.4. Photomicrographs of free lime 5.1.5. Photomicrographs of periclase 5.1.6. Photomicrographs of miscellaneous phases 5.2. Misinterpretations in clinker microscopy |
Presentation and Textbook |
| 6) |
Microscopical examination of clinker with scanning electron microscopy |
Presentation and Textbook |
| 7) |
Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) , X-Ray microanalysis of concretes 8.1. Introduction 8.2. Optical microscopy-electron microscopy transition 8.3. Scanning electron microscopy 8.4. X- Ray microanalysis (EDXA) |
Presentation and Textbook |
| 8) |
Midterm exam |
Presentation and Textbook |
| 9) |
Specimen preparation for SEM 9.1. Materials for sample preparation 9.2. Preparation of Cement Paste, Mortar, and Concrete Sections 9.2.1. Cutting and grinding 9.2.2. Polishing 9.2.3. Storage and coating of prepared specimens |
Presentation and Textbook |
| 10) |
Concrete under SEM and basic microstructure of concrete 10.1. Hydrated cement paste 10.2. C-S-H phase 10.3. Calcium hydroxide crystals 10.4. Calcium sulfoaluminate hydrates 10.5. Unhydrated cement paste 10.6. Porosity of hydrated cement paste 10.7. Aggregates |
Presentation and Textbook |
| 11) |
Interpretation of concrete deterioration from SEM/EDXA 11.1. Chemical deterioration from external agents 11.1.1. Efflorescence 11.1.2. Paste carbonation 11.1.3. Sulfate attack 11.1.4. Deicing salt attack 11.1.5. Corrosion of reinforcing steel 11.1.6. Concrete exposed to marine environment |
Presentation and Textbook |
| 12) |
X-Ray Diffraction 12.1. Basic principle 12.2. Qualitative analysis 12.3. Quantitative analysis 12.4. Developments in instrumentation 12.5. X-ray diffractometry of clinker and cement 12.6. Identification of major phases present in cement/clinker |
Presentation and Textbook |
| 13) |
X-Ray diffractometry of clinker and cement 13.1. Sample preparation and XRD study of hydrated specimens 13.2. X-Ray diffractometry in concrete chemistry 13.2.1. Cement paste-aggregate interface 13.2.2. Alkali silica reaction 13.2.3. Sulfate minerals 13.2.4. Other concrete damages |
Presentation and Textbook |
| 14) |
Thermal Analysis 14.1. Differential thermal analysis (DTA), thermogravimetric analysis (TG), Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) 14.2. Cement clinker 14.3. Synthesis of cement phases 14.4. Polymorphisim in silicates 14.5. Hydration of calcium silicates 14.6. Hydration of C3A and C4AF 14.7. Hydration of cement 14.8. Durability |
Presentation and Textbook |
| Course Notes / Textbooks: |
Ana kaynaklar: -Campbell D.H. (1999) Microscopical Examination and Interpretation of Portland Cement and Clinker, SP030, Portland Cement Association RD1754.
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| References: |
- John D. St, Poole A., Sims I. (1998) Concrete Petrography: A Handbook of Investigative Techniques. John Wiley &Sons, Inc. New York.
Yardımcı kaynaklar: - Roy D.M., Idorn G.M. (1993) Concrete Microstructure. Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP-C-340) National Research Council, Washington, DC.
- Mehta P.K., Monteiro P.J.M. (1997) Concrete Microstructure, Properties and Materials. Indian Concrete Institute. |
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Program Outcomes |
Level of Contribution |
| 1) |
Describe the broad multidisciplinary scope of Civil Engineering and the interaction between related disciplines. |
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| 2) |
Repeats the current techniques and methods applied in the field of Civil Engineering, their limitations, effects and results. |
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| 3) |
Conducts applied research in the field of Civil Engineering, reaches the information in depth and in depth, evaluates and applies the information. |
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| 4) |
Applies modeling and experimental research; analyzes complex situations encountered in this process. |
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| 5) |
Uses advanced methods and software used in the field of technology and communication technologies. |
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| 6) |
Reaches in-depth and in-depth knowledge by performing applied research in the field of technology, evaluates and applies information. |
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| 7) |
Conveys the process and results of the studies systematically in written, oral and visual form in national and international environments in and out of civil engineering field. |
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