International Trade
Bachelor	TR-NQF-HE: Level 6	QF-EHEA: First Cycle	EQF-LLL: Level 6

General course introduction information

Course Code:

UIS312

Course Name:

History of Politics in Turkey II

Course Semester:

Spring

Course Credits:

Theoretical	Practical	Credit	ECTS
3	0	3	6

Language of instruction:

Course Requisites:

Does the Course Require Work Experience?:

Type of course:

Faculty Elective

Course Level:

Bachelor

TR-NQF-HE:6. Master`s Degree

QF-EHEA:First Cycle

EQF-LLL:6. Master`s Degree

Mode of Delivery:

Face to face

Course Coordinator :

Dr.Öğr.Üyesi GÖKÇE BALABAN

Course Lecturer(s):

Course Assistants:

Course Objective and Content

Course Objectives:

The purpose of this course is to explore different aspects of the process of modernization in Turkey by focusing on socio-economic, cultural and religious changes since the formation of the nation-state. During the course, historical and sociological roots of issues such as Westernization, development, underdevelopment, national identity, citizenship, minorities and secularism are discussed with reference to their relation with the process of modernization. Students will be also acquainted with different theoretical frameworks explaining “modernization”.

Course Content:

Modernization Theory and its Critics; Underdevelopment and developmentalism; Economic development; Global capitalism and the city; Political modernization: center-periphery; Modernization in Turkey and Atatürk; Army and modernization; Nationalism and ethnic identity; Religion and Secularism; Gender and modernization; Cultural change: New music genres.

Learning Outcomes

The students who have succeeded in this course;

Learning Outcomes

1 - Knowledge
Theoretical - Conceptual
1) • Define the concept of modernization, and evaluate how it has been perceived in the Turkish case.
2) • Discuss the specificities of the Turkish modernization process.
3) • State how the Turkish institutions such as the army, bureaucracy and the educational system evolved through time.
4) • Differentiate between the various theoretical approaches to modernization.
2 - Skills
Cognitive - Practical
3 - Competences
Communication and Social Competence
Learning Competence
Field Specific Competence
Competence to Work Independently and Take Responsibility

Lesson Plan

Week	Subject	Related Preparation
1)	• Describe the course. • Get familiarized with the course books and extra reading materials. • Introduce the course program. • Inform on the grading and evaluation system. • Define the concept of “modernization”. • Introduce the content of the syllabus. • List the course outline • Explain the relevance of the course books and its authors. • List extra course materials • Explain the grading system evaluation methods. • Discuss the daily and sociological meanings of the term “modern” and “modernization	Review the Syllabus. Read the assigned readings for next class session: P. Nolte, “Modernization and Modernity in History,” International Encyclopedia of Social Sciences, 2001, pp. 9954-9961
2)	• Define the term “modern” • Describe the concept of “modernity” • Define the concept of “modernization” and differentiate it from “modernity” • Distinguish the paradigm of “modernization” in social sciences • Discuss the synonyms of the term “modern”. • Define the term “modern” as a historical and sociological concept • Explain the concept of “modernity” as a historical and sociological concept • Define the concept of “modernization” and differentiate it from the term “modernity” • Explain the paradigm of “modernization” and its impact on social sciences • Illustrate different concepts related with the term “modern”	Read the assigned readings for next class session: Samuel Huntington, Samuel P. Huntington, “The Change to Change: Modernization, Development, and Politics,” Comparative Politics, Vol. 3, No. 3 (Apr., 1971): 283-290. Bernard Lewis, The Emergence of Modern Turkey, Oxford University Press, 2nd edition, 1961, p. 480-87. Write a report on the documentary until the next week.
3)	• Explain the roots of the modernization paradigm. • Compare the theories of social change in the 19th century. • List and analyze the characteristics of the modernization theory in the 20th century. • Recognize the theorists of the modernization paradigm • Explain the political context of the modernization paradigm. • Explain the roots of the modernization paradigm in the 19th century • Compare the social theories of social change as put forward by Marx, Durkheim and Weber. • List and analyze the characteristics of the modernization theory as formulated in the 1950s. • Recognize pioneers of the modernization theory. • Discuss the political significance of the modernization approach.	Read the assigned reading for next class session: Reşat Kasaba, “Kemalist Certainties and Modern Ambiguities,” Rethinking Modernity, Ch. 2, p. 15-36. Levent Köker, Modernleşme, Kemalizm ve Demokrasi, İstanbul: İletişim, 2013, 14. baskı, s. 39-61. Andrew Mango, “Atatürk,” Cambridge Hist. of Modern Turkey, p. 147-172. Write a report on the documentary until the next week.
4)	• Explain Turkish modernization in the light of modernization theory. • Apply the stages of modernization to the Turkish case. • Evaluate the Kemalist approach to modernization in consideration with the premises of the modernization theory. • Discuss the advantages and the limits of the modernization theory. • Familiarize with pioneering researchers who used modernization theory to study Turkish transformation	Read the assigned reading for next class session: Şevket Pamuk, “Economic Change in Twentieth-Century Turkey: Is the glass more than half full?” Cambridge History of Modern Turkey, p. 266-300. Andre Gunder Frank, “The development of underdevelopment”, Monthly Review, Vol. 18, 1966, pp. 17-31 Write a report on the documentary until the next week.
5)	• Identify the problems of economic development in the global capitalist system • Define the concept of underdevelopment. • Explain the Marxist critique of capitalist development. • Analyze how dependency theory and world-system analysis approach modernization. • Recognizes major theorists of the dependency theory. • Analyze the relationship between the problems of economic development and underdevelopment and the global capitalism. • Explain the Marxist critique of national development model in the 1960s. • List the characteristics of dependency and world-system theories. • Compare dependency and world-system theories with modernization theory • Differentiate pioneers of dependency approach.	Read the assigned reading for next class session: Zürcher, Turkey: A Modern History, 2012 p. 264-273. Çağlar Keyder, “The Political Economy of Import-Substituting Industrialization,” State and Class in Turkey, London&New York: Verso, 1987, pp. 141-164. Korkut Boratav, “İçe Dönük Bağımlı Genişleme (1962-1976) ve Yeni Bunalım (1977-1979), Türkiye İktisat Tarihi,1908-1985, s. 117-144. Tanıl Bora, “68 Ruhu Nedir?,” Birikim, No: 109 (Mayıs 1998): 92-95. Write a report on the documentary until the next week.
6)	• Identify the problems of economic development and underdevelopment in Turkey • Apply the concepts of center and periphery to the Turkish case. • Explain the Marxist critique of national development model in Turkey. • Discuss the relation between Kemalism and socialism in Turkey. • Familiarize with researchers who dealt with the problem of underdevelopment in Turkey. • Explain the problems of economic development and underdevelopment as formulated in the Turkish context • Discuss how the center-periphery paradigm can explain underdevelopment of and in Turkey. • Recognize the Marxist critique of national development model in the 1960s. • Analyze the roots of the alliance between Kemalism and socialism in Turkey. • Recognize researchers who worked on underdevelopment in Turkey.	Read the assigned reading for next class session. Zürcher, Turkey: A Modern History, 2012 p. 306-315. Arif Dirlik, “The Postmodernization of Production and its Organization: Flexible Production, Work and Culture,” Postcolonial Aura: Third World Criticism in the Age of Global Capitalism. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1997, p. 186-219. Alev Özkazanç, “Türkiye’nin Neo-liberal Dönüşümü ve Liberal Düşünce,” Modern Türkiye'de Siyasi Düşünce Cilt 7/ Liberalizm, İstanbul: İletişim, 2005, s. 634-657. Write a report on the documentary until the next week.
7)	• Analyze the characteristics of neo-liberalism • Explain the global economic developments giving rise to the neo-liberal theories. • Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the neo-liberal approach. • Compare neo-liberal theory with dependency theory and modernization theory • Familiarize with theorists of neo-liberalism. • Analyze the characteristics of neo-liberalism as formulated by its major theorists • List global economic developments giving rise to the neo-liberal theories. • Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the neo-liberal approach. • Contrast neo-liberal theory with the previous theories of dependency modernization theory. • Differentiate researchers who defended neo-liberalism.	Read the assigned reading for next class session. Write a report on the documentary until the next week.
8)	• Analyze the place of Turkey in the context of global capitalism. • Explain the economic policies of the 1980s. • Compare the economic policies of the previous period with the neo-liberal period in the 1980s. • Explain the impact of the neo-liberal theory in Turkey. • Discuss the role of Özal in the institutionalization of neo-liberalism. • Analyze the socio-economic development of Turkey in the context of globalization. • Differentiate the import substitution industrialization policies of the previous period with the new neo-liberal orientation in the 1980s. • Explain the economic policies of the 1980s and the Decisions of January 24. • Explain the impact of the neo-liberal theory in Turkey. • Discuss the role of Özal and the shift in social values.
9)	• Evaluate students via midterm exam: measure the capacity to explain the basic assumptions of the modernization theory • Evaluate students via midterm exam: measure the capacity to explain the critiques of the modernization theory • Overview of the first part of the course • Compare different theoretical paradigms on modernization • Relate theories of development with historical developments in Turkey. • Evaluate students via midterm exam: measure the capacity to explain the progressive, unilinear, Eurocentric, stage theory of history intrinsic the modernization paradigm. • Evaluate students via midterm exam: measure the capacity to explain the departing points of the Marxist critique of the modernization theory • Overview of the first eight weeks of the course • Compare the main characteristics of modernization theory, dependency theory and neo-liberal theory. • Relate these different theories of development with concrete historical developments in Turkey	Read the assigned reading for next class session: Zürcher, Turkey: A Modern History, 2012 p. 242-264, 278-288. Ümit Cizre, “Ideology, Context and Interest: The Turkish Military,” Cambridge History of Modern Turkey, in The Cambridge History of Turkey Volume 4: Turkey in the Modern World, 2009 p. 301-332.
10)	• Explain the relation between the army and modernization in Turkey • Analyze the role of the army in politics. • Describe the logic of military interventions in Turkey. • Differentiate between the characteristics of different coups. • Explain the change in the relationship between military and politics in the 2000s. • Discuss the importance of the army’s role in modernization of Turkey. • List the causes of central role of the army in Turkish political history. • Discuss the logic of different military interventions in Turkey in succeeding periods. • List the political differences of military coups of 1960 and 1980. • Discuss how the relationship between military and politics changed in the process of democratization.	Read the assigned reading for next class session. Zürcher, Turkey: A Modern History, 2012 p.316-323. Hamit Bozarslan, “Kurds and the Turkish State,” Cambridge History of Modern Turkey, 2009, p. 333-356. Ayşe Hür, “Bu kaçıncı isyan, bu kaçıncı harekât?” Radikal, 23.12.2007. Mesut Yeğen, “The Kurdish Question in Turkish State Discourse,” Journal of Contemporary History, 34 (4) 1999: 555-568. Martin van Bruinessen, “The Suppression of the Dersim Rebellion in Turkey (1937-38)” http://www.let.uu.nl/~martin.vanbruinessen/personal/ publications/Dersim_rebellion.pdf Write a report on the documentary until the next week.
11)	• Explain nationalism as a modern phenomenon. • Recognize the impact of modernization in the formation of national identity. • Explain the consequences of modernization for the demographic structure. • Analyze the discourses of Turkish nationalism in the Young Turk and Kemalist eras. • Discuss Turkish nationalism with respect to the Kurdish issue. • List and explain modernist theories of nationalism which describe the latter as a modern phenomenon. • Analyze the relation between the formation of national identity and modernization • Recognize the consequences of modernization understood as national homogenization. • Compare the Turkist policies of the Young Turk and Kemalist regimes. • Explain the impact of Turkish nationalism with reference the state’s discourse on the Kurdish uprisings.	Read the assigned reading for next class session. Ayhan Aktar, “Türkiye'de Gayrimüslimler: ‘Kâğıt Üzerinde’ Vatandaşlar,” in Fuat Keyman, ed., Türkiye’nin Yeniden İnşası: Modernleşme, Demokratikleşme, Kimlik, İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2013, p. 175–188. Çağlar Keyder, “The Consequences of the Exchange of Populations for Turkey,” in Renée Hirschon (ed.), Crossing the Aegean: an appraisal of the 1923 compulsory population exchange between Greece and Turkey, New York: Berghahn Books, 2004, p. 39-52. Write a report on the documentary until the next week.
12)	• Analyze the legal definition of “minority” in Turkey. • Explain the impact of nationalism on non-Muslim minorities in Turkey. • Illustrate official policies towards non-Muslim minorities in Turkey. • Analyze the relation between national identity and discriminatory policies against non-Muslims. • Discuss the relationship between democracy and minority rights. • Recognize the importance Lausanne Treaty in the legal definition of “minority” in Turkey. • Evaluate the impact of nationalist policies on the rights of non-Muslim minorities in Turkey. • List official policies towards non-Muslim minorities in Turkey: Lausanne Treaty; Greek-Turkish population exchange; Welfare Tax; 6-7 September Events; 1964 Law of expatriation of Greeks. • Analyze the relation between national identity and discriminatory policies against non-Muslims. • Recognize the developments concerning minority rights and democratization.	Read the assigned reading for next class session. Zürcher, Turkey: A Modern History, 2012, p. 288-306. Haldun Gülalp, “Modernization Policies and Islamist Politics in Turkey,” Rethinking Modernity, p. 53-63. Nilüfer Göle, “The Quest for the Islamic Self within the Context of Modernity,” Rethinking Modernity, p. 83-95. Yüksel Taşkın, “AKP’s move to ‘conquer’ the center-right: its prospects and possible impacts on the democratization process,” Turkish Studies 9, No. 1 (March 2008): 53–72. Write a report on the documentary until the next week.
13)	• Define the concepts secularization and secularism. • Analyze the role of secularism in Turkish modernization • Explain the peculiarities of Turkish secularism. • Compare Turkish secularism with French and Anglo-Saxon models of secularism. • Analyze the debate between secularists and Islamists in Turkey. • Explain the meanings of the concepts “secularization” and “secularism” • Differentiate secularism from secularization as a sociological process. • Discuss the central role of secularism for Turkish modernization • Analyze the specific characteristics of secularism in Turkey: “Laiklik” • Differentiate Turkish, French and Anglo-Saxon models of secularism. • Discuss the conflict between secularists and Islamists in Turkey, by focusing on the headscarf debate.	Read the assigned reading for next class session. Yeşim Arat, “The Project of Modernity and Women in Turkey,” Rethinking Modernity, 1997, p. 95-112. Deniz Kandiyoti, “Gendering Modernity: On Missing Dimensions of Turkish Modernity,” Rethinking Modernity, 1997, p. 113-132. Write a report on the documentary until the next week.
14)	• Define “gender” as an analytical concept. • Explain the link between women’s movement and modernization. • Explain the need for a “gendered” perspective in the study of Turkish modernization. • Analyze the feminist critique of Turkish modernization. • Compare Kemalist and 2nd wave Turkish feminisms. • Discuss how the concept of “gender” can be a tool of analysis. • Discuss the critical role of women’s movement for modernization. • Recognize the importance of a feminist approach in the study of Turkish modernization. • Explain how Turkish modernization process was criticized by feminists in the 1980s. • Discuss how Kemalist and 2nd wave Turkish feminisms approach the state feminism of the Kemalist era.
15)	• Summarize the content of the course. • List the potential themes on which term papers can be written. • Explain the methodology of the research needed for writing the term paper. • List the format rules of the paper. • Discuss how and which materials will be used while writing the paper. • Review the weekly themes of the course. • Discuss the possible topics on which term papers can be written. • Recognize the oral history methodology needed for writing the term paper. • List the tips for a good interview. • Explain the style of language used in the paper and the format.

Sources

Course Notes / Textbooks:	Erik Jan Zürcher, Modernleşen Türkiye’nin Tarihi, İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2015. ISBN: 9789750506031 Erik Jan Zürcher, Turkey: A Modern History, London: I. B. Tauris [2004], 3rd Edition, 2012. ISBN-13: 978-1860649585 \| ISBN-10: 1860649580
References:	Çağlar Keyder, Türkiye’de Devlet ve Sınıflar, İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2000. Çağlar Keyder, State and Class in Turkey: A Study on Capitalist Development, London & New York: Verso, 1987. ISBN-10: 0860918777/ ISBN-13: 978-0860918776

Course-Program Learning Outcome Relationship

Learning Outcomes	1	2	3	4
Program Outcomes
1) explain the essential body of knowledge in the area of international trade, including evolution of the discipline, the state-of-the-art concepts, scientific methodology, theories and models.
2) employ the appropriate tools and analytical techniques to collect and analyze quantitative and qualitative data in the related areas, interpret results and propose solutions.
3) integrate the theories of international trade with the real life functions in changing global business world and interpret the major recent developments in the world trading system and also be able to evaluate interaction between economic development and foreign trade.
4) have the vision of international business and trade system, and also have knowledge of the logistics management associated with foreign trade and also explain foreign trade financing products and services that are issue of foreign trade, insurance and risks
5) discover and create entrepreneurial opportunities and expertise to successfully establish and develop their own ventures.
6) define the features and property of products and services that are the subjects of foreign trade, quality and standards in national and international level.
7) communicate in written and oral English with people from diverse backgrounds, and have the English proficiency to follow and interpret the global dynamics in the areas of international trade
8) recognize the major instruments of trade policy such as tariffs, non-tariff barriers, state aids, international agreements, international organizations and institutions, e-trade, and their effects on foreign trade policy.
9) identify standards of personal, professional, social and business ethics, evaluate the ethical implications of various practices in the related areas, and be aware the importance of ethical behavior in adding value to the society

Course - Learning Outcome Relationship

No Effect	1 Lowest	2 Low	3 Average	4 High	5 Highest

	Program Outcomes	Level of Contribution
1)	explain the essential body of knowledge in the area of international trade, including evolution of the discipline, the state-of-the-art concepts, scientific methodology, theories and models.
2)	employ the appropriate tools and analytical techniques to collect and analyze quantitative and qualitative data in the related areas, interpret results and propose solutions.
3)	integrate the theories of international trade with the real life functions in changing global business world and interpret the major recent developments in the world trading system and also be able to evaluate interaction between economic development and foreign trade.
4)	have the vision of international business and trade system, and also have knowledge of the logistics management associated with foreign trade and also explain foreign trade financing products and services that are issue of foreign trade, insurance and risks
5)	discover and create entrepreneurial opportunities and expertise to successfully establish and develop their own ventures.
6)	define the features and property of products and services that are the subjects of foreign trade, quality and standards in national and international level.
7)	communicate in written and oral English with people from diverse backgrounds, and have the English proficiency to follow and interpret the global dynamics in the areas of international trade
8)	recognize the major instruments of trade policy such as tariffs, non-tariff barriers, state aids, international agreements, international organizations and institutions, e-trade, and their effects on foreign trade policy.
9)	identify standards of personal, professional, social and business ethics, evaluate the ethical implications of various practices in the related areas, and be aware the importance of ethical behavior in adding value to the society

Learning Activity and Teaching Methods

Expression
Lesson
Reading
Q&A / Discussion

Assessment & Grading Methods and Criteria

Written Exam (Open-ended questions, multiple choice, true-false, matching, fill in the blanks, sequencing)
Homework
Presentation

Assessment & Grading

Semester Requirements	Number of Activities	Level of Contribution
Midterms	1	% 30
Final	1	% 40
Paper Submission	10	% 30
total		% 100
PERCENTAGE OF SEMESTER WORK		% 60
PERCENTAGE OF FINAL WORK		% 40
total		% 100

Workload and ECTS Credit Grading

Activities	Number of Activities	Workload
Course Hours	15	45
Study Hours Out of Class	15	45
Midterms	15	30
Paper Submission	15	30
Final	15	30
Total Workload		180